Sanitation and groundwater contamination (The Maldives)

The Republic of Maldives relies heavily on groundwater for non-potable water due to the absence of surface water bodies and limited rainfall. Traditionally, wastewater was managed through cesspits and septic tanks, but a national sewerage project was introduced as part of the National Strategic Plan. Despite this transition, some residents still experienced unpleasant odours from groundwater wells. This study, focusing on Mulah Island and Muli Islands in Meemu Atoll, examined the impact of sanitation systems on groundwater quality. It employed various methods, including 55 groundwater quality analysis, 220 household surveys, and 10 key informant interviews. Residents on Mulah Island used conventional gravity sewer systems, while Muli Islands employed solid-free sewer systems, resulting in differing odour experiences and water quality parameters. The analysis revealed significant differences in turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels between the two islands, and faecal contamination was detected in groundwater samples. Furthermore, the groundwater failed to meet safety standards for non-potable uses. Overall, the study established a relation between sanitation systems and groundwater quality, highlighting the importance of further research in this area.