O&M of non-sewered sanitation systems in small towns (Uganda)

This research was conducted in small towns of Uganda, specifically within the Kijungu slum in Mbarara City, aimed to explore the challenges associated with operating and maintaining onsite sanitation systems and identify opportunities for improvement. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including household surveys, field observations, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and a stakeholder meeting for multi-criteria decision analysis. Data was gathered from 102 households, 8 key informants, 2 focus groups, and a stakeholder meeting. Key findings revealed that the majority of households relied on pit latrines, with some using pour-flush toilets connected to septic tanks and sewers. Most households sourced their water from shared taps, yet waterborne diseases were on the rise due to improper faecal sludge and solid waste management, leading to environmental pollution and health risks. Affordability and willingness to pay for sanitation services were low due to financial constraints. Challenges included limited water access, poor drainage systems, irregular faecal sludge disposal, corruption, and weak regulation enforcement.

Recommendations included introducing technological solutions like lined pit latrines and community toilet blocks, urine diversion toilets, composting toilets, biogas toilets, conducting awareness campaigns, and providing subsidies for operation and maintenance items. Overall, this research offers insights into improving sanitation practices, infrastructure, and hygiene awareness in the studied area.